System analysis and design 251 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

System analysis and design 251 - Essay Example Due to the disadvantages of this system, Helen McPherson seeks information systems that are crucial to the achievement of modern business organizations. Information systems are the hardware and software applications that sustain data-intensive functions. They involve  an integrated set of mechanisms for gathering, storing, and handling data and for provision of information, facts, and electronic products (Stair and Reynolds 2013, 120). Business corporations (OT included) and other institutions depend on information systems to implement and manage their functions, interrelate with their consumers and suppliers, and contend in the marketplace to gain competitive advantage. With this system in place OT will be able to serve their customers efficiently and accurately. This Functional Requirements Report provides information system fundamentals that will facilitate the Customer Booking system including accommodation booking of OT (Stair and Reynolds 2013, 156-200). This Functional Requirements Report identifies the required system capabilities that would enhance OT customer booking and accommodation facilities to improve general performance of OT (Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and Communication 2006, 264). The capability of incorporating IT efforts with business activities and purposes. This potential is to administer organizational preparations, structure procedures and staffing tacking any predicaments in OT booking arrangements Functional Requirements Report provides new information system’s scope through context Data Flow diagram. It is easy to analyze the scope through the diagram. This Functional Requirements Report identifies the below procedures as critical information system that would enhance OT’s customer booking system. OT novel customer booking system allows integrate OT management, accommodation department, customer request, departures, marketing, and

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay Example for Free

Assess the view that factors and processes within the school Essay Many sociologists argue that â€Å"factors and processes within school are the main cause of difference† These factors include gender, class and ethnicity. All of these things can lead to certain stereotypes and labels being forced upon pupils. The idea that Teachers have certain expectations of different social and ethnic groups means that self-fulfilling prophecy can lead to pupils living out positive and negative labels. The role of gender in educational achievement is that in past times it has been that boys have achieved less than girls in school, this could be that boys have a history of ‘laddish’ behaviour and have had a negative attitude to learning. This had also led to teachers expectations of ‘lads’ to be low which has caused negative stereotypes and labels. All of these things have in turn caused many anti-school subcultures. Jackson did a study about how this ‘laddish’ behaviour is now being seen in some girls which could in fact mean that it is not only boys that have these negative labels but also girls. Another factor that may influence the achievement of girls is that girls now have a lot of higher role models and more opportunities in the future; this can lead to them working harder because they can see themselves being successful in the future. Another In-school factor would be ethnicity, different ethnic groups achieve better than others in education, for example the highest achieving ethnic group is British Chinese and the lowest would be black African Caribbean boys. The reasons for these differences in achievement could be linked to family morals and attitudes to school. Teachers also have expectations of different ethnic groups which again, like gender can lead to positive and negative labels and stereotypes. The curriculum in schools could also lead to this due to it being ethnocentric. Differences in class an play a crucial role in the achievement between different classes, for example working class children do not have as much cultural capital as middle class children and this can play a vital part in how they achieve at school, due to teachers expectations of how they behave and achieve. The idea of the hidden curriculum means that schools are preparing students for middle class jobs with middle class ideas. Also the idea that middle class teachers get on better with idle class students also reinforces the idea of teacher’s expectations which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy and students either over or under achieving. One more in-school factor would be pupil subcultures and how streaming and setting can lead to both anti and pro school subcultures, This again links to the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy and that students may either reject their labels or follow them. The organisation of the school can also be closely linked to class and how students may be put into lower streams or sets due to their social background and how teachers perceive them. Home backgrounds of students also contribute to a large part of their achievement. The differences in class can lead to many home disadvantages such as material deprivation which means that students do not have enough money for resources such as private tutors, laptops, trips or uniforms; this will give them a disadvantage compared to middle class students. Working class students may also have other responsibilities to attend to such as looking after siblings or even disabled parents; this means that they do not have as much time to spend on studying. Parent’s attitudes towards school and education can also prove to be an impact, if a parent has a negative attitude to school and learning then the child will not have as much pressure or ambition to do as well. This idea of parent expectations links closely with ethnicity and how different ethnic groups view educarion. In conclusion there are many in school processes that can influence the achievement of children such as gender and how girls and boys are perceived and what teachers expect of them. Another would be Class and how working and middle class students achieve differently due to aspects of school life like the hidden curriculum. Also ethnicity and the expectations and ideas about certain groups like the British Chinese. There are also a lot of out of school factors such as home background, material deprivation and parents’ expectations. Overall I believe that the both in school factors and out of school factors contribute to the differences in educational achievement of different social groups.

A Project In Al Ain City Tourism Essay

A Project In Al Ain City Tourism Essay Introduction of Al Ain City Al Ain city is immaterial part of Emirate. The meaning of Al Ain in Arabic is The Spring. It holds greatest Emirates culture. Its geographical area is 1,270,000 hectares. Al Ain city have many distinct geographical areas with different characteristics. The population of Al Ain City are 540,000 with 400,000 regions. This city is very important as a social and economic hub. Al Ain city located in west of Hajar mountains. (Al Ain City Introduction) Business in Al Ain City Private organizations are extremely valued in Al Ain City. In this city fresh ideas are always promoted. If you are going to set a new business in Al Ain City, Following information will helpful for your business. This will give you a brief idea on how to get business start-up. It will also tell you about getting business license and registry. (Business in Al AIn City) If you have an effective business plan and wand to take a safest step forward in new business then Al Ain city is the right place for establishing your business. Procedures are very simple and transparent. This procedure takes only few days if you have all documents those are required by relevant authorities. (Business Startup) SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis comes under Marketing Management. After applying management plans SWOT analysis is used. SWOT stands for Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O) and Threats (T). Strengths and weaknesses are the part of internal process. Opportunities and threats are the external process of any business firm. SWOT analysis is very effective for business in Al Ain City. SWOT analysis for any business in Al Ain city explained below: (SWOT Introduction) Strengths Strengths of Al Ain organization depends on the resources and capabilities that they are using in their organization. These are the basics for developing a competitive advantage. Simple examples of these strengths are: Al Ain organization has patents for their business. It has strong brand name In all over emirate Al Ain organization has good reputation among their consumers or customers. Al Ain knows follows all laws related to their field and always updated from these new laws. It is the cost advantage for Al Ain Organization. Al Ain organization uses the best natural resources for exclusive access. Al Ain has robust economy. It has political stability Weaknesses Weaknesses are the lacking of strengths of any organization. Al Ain organization has also some weaknesses such as: Such laws are there that we cant understand easily. If our business brand name is not powerful. Brand name should be according to Al Ain city religion. Poor performance in front of customers is also a weakness. Highly structured coast. If Business man do not about access to good natural resources. In many cases sometime, a weakness becomes strength for organization. (Strengths and Weaknesses) Opportunities Opportunities are an external part of any organization. For doing business in Al Ain city you have to follow SWOT analysis. So you can find out the opportunities for business in Al Ain: Al Ain citys customer belongs to Islamic culture so you need to understand the customer requirements and satisfaction of customers. Al Ain city have many types of new technologies so these are the opportunities for stabilising business in Al Ain city. Loosening of Regulations Remove the international trade barriers Threats Changing in the external part of an organization also creates many threats. Some examples are: Customers taste always varies according to time change. So organizations always disable to know these things. Growth of substitute product is also creates a threat for an Organization. Increased trade barriers. (Opportunities and threats) Porters Diamond of National Advantage Increasingly, corporate schema does have to be seen globally. Even if an Al Ain organization does not imagine to import-export directly but now they can import and export directly. Because there are many competitors in market, they provide better service so this is the key factor for increasing domestic market. Information technology is making strong to this trend. Michael Porter describes a model that gives permission for analyzing why few nations are competitive than others nations are. He also described that what is the reason behind the success of domestic companies in compression of other nations company. This model is the Advantage for any organization who wants to set our business in Al Ain city. In This model Determining actors of national advantage is known as Porters Diamond. It proposed that organization should have better national home base. It pays an important role for achieving advantage in a global market. This home base helps for building advantages in universal comp etition. Factor Conditions Production factors, infrastructure, like skilled labor etc. These factors are important for setting a business in Al Ain city. These factors provide competitive advantage if we have quality in those factors. These factors categorized into human resources, material resources, knowledge resources, infrastructure, and capital resources. Quality of research, liquidity of national stock markets and deregulation come under factor. Every country has its own set of factor conditions. It explains cost of any organization. Home Demand Conditions Home demand conditions tell the demand of product in market for an organization. They increase the demand of product and quality of service. Porter states that a company can get national advantages in market segment, if company knows home demand clearly. Home demand condition states the value of product demand in international market. Related and supporting Industries The industries that can coordinate activities in the value chain together are called supporting industry. These supporting industry help for improving over business. You are going to set-up a business in Al Ain city so you should collaborate with other well known organization. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry Condition in Al Ain tell that what will be the growth of your business, how to organize your business, achievement of goals etc. It provides advantages and disadvantages to your company. Your way of giving instruction is also matters in company. (Porters Diamond) PEST Analysis Al Ain city in UAE operates in micro and macro environment, there are particulars are changing time to time. An internal and external factor of any organization determines the formulation of right strategies and business. The PEST is the only best technique to determines the scanning of macro level environment, in which four factors include as follows (PEST Introduction) P : Political Factors E : Economic Factors S : Socio-cultural Factors T : Technology Factors Political Factors Political Factors majorly cover: Al Ain is the part of the UAE in which the rate of crime is low as well as politically stable city. Also, with the UAE it enjoys financial stability. Its well-developed Infrastructure, robust banking structure features extensive credit and service facilities with ample liquidity for peoples and outsiders or visitors as well. Al Ain has a leading-edge technologies and sound regulatory systems in the city. The government is also committed to consistent commitment to business development, good economic policies including all kind of protection into logical property rights. The UAE benefits from stable and pleasant industrial relations. Finally, there is a well structured, sound legal framework for strong business and a healthy set of ownership rules. Particularly a political factor covers in following points Taxes on product and services Employment news Tariffs Trade Political stability Government policy on economy Control on immigration. Government stability has provided here less taxes duties and food service products with kind of great varieties in shopping centres. Foreigners are permitted to have an ownership right of up to 49% for limited liability companies established within the Emirate of Dubai and up to 100% for number of professional companies, including its branches and representative offices in different cities. All of these factors perfectly give a positive view about Al Ain City. (Political Factor) Economic Factors Economic Factors are important to get the power of customer means purchasing strength of people, stability of economy. The fluctuation of economy impacts the product prices and services there. So more or less following factors are play a vital role Higher the interest rate lowers the investment Economic growth in terms of GDP Inflation rate Exchange rates Very low inflation and unemployment Favourable prediction for growth in the economy Lack of corporate reform Al Ain city is known as the garden city of the Gulf; it is witnessing a marvellous boom in all economic sectors and social activities.   At the time of Town planning, as per the Annual Statistical report of the Al Ain Municipality, in 2002 the Department has issued 1062 fresh construction licenses and interestingly only 53 of them related to government, 12902 new trade licenses also including 2556 for restaurants (2904 in 2001). The number of central parks increased to 26, covering a large area and raised the huge number of date palm trees.   As far as the business growth has increased, a new with high height shopping mall has been added to the city along with a good number of small and medium size businesses and a lot of housing compounds and new multi-storey buildings, as well as a Sheraton Hotel (five star) is under construction. (Economical Factor) Socio-cultural Factors Modern society is playing vital role in development of city with municipal organizations. The bases of them are social and economical environment, municipalitys facilities, and infrastructure.   This city has also known as Garden city of the Gulf. Al ain municipality is providing remarkable service to have latest and highest standards of scientific and technology quality. Al ain municipality also committed to get excellence through its development of business systems. (Socio-cultural Factor) The city of Al Ain, meaning the spring in Arabic has remarkable history and excellent heritage in it. The organization named ADACH, Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage is focusing restoration part of its strategy plan to preserve or guard the physical heritage of Abu Dhabi. Historic buildings require more maintenance. ADACH is responsible for providing the protection to its tangible cultural heritage of Abu Dhabi, and this encompasses the maintenance of buildings, considering a number of sites and important projects, with an extreme focus on historic buildings. Meanwhile, Dr. Sami Al Masri, Deputy Director of department of General for Arts, Culture and Heritage at ADACH, said that a program has been launched for the renovation of a group of historic buildings. All these buildings really needed an immediate intervention, to assure their safety and to avoid deterioration. (Socio- cultural in Al Ain) Technology Factors Technology has a very exploring and rapid growth in the field of construction, expansions, growth with application to the Al-Ain City in Dubai, UAE. These are the use of Virtual Reality techniques really put Al Ain city a bit ahead in technology field. Currently, Reality packs are the most increasing fields of information technology and have a great media attention. There is evidence to suggest that the use of such technology will enhance conceivable image of any aspect of project development at any urban setting for customers, users and clients. So, the city officials and administrators as well as public (users) can reach better life style within their towns and cities. A basic VR model to the street is a very good example of technology construction. The buildings heights in the street are telling the story of growth of technology here. The technology is providing the great look and feel for the visual quality of the city. In essence the part of this study showed that Al Ain visualization is proving to be a remarkable tool for technology designers and planners. Increasing the heights of buildings in the mid-street shows the technologys height and on the edges, along with enforcing distinctive architectural styles for the proposed buildings will enhance the overall quality of the street. Additionally, decreasing the strength of current vegetation and tree heights will increase the imaginable quality of the street. However, the built of a comprehend VR model needs more time, resources and. This report, shows to us that we are moving fast with the help of technology and its day by day new inventions. Human lives are keeping cool by technology. We are now more comfortable to identify existing problems and to quickly evaluate alternative solutions to those problems. (technology factor)

Faulkners Light in August - Themes :: Light August Essays

Light in August - Themes    1. RACISM    The Southern concern with racial identity is one of Light in August's central themes. When people think that Joe Christmas has even a trace of black ancestry, they treat him completely differently from the way they treat white people. Many of the characters in Light in August seem twisted by their preoccupation with race. Joe Christmas, Joanna Burden, Nathaniel Burden, Doc Hines, and, ultimately, Percy Grimm are among these. But even many of the characters who don't share this mania assume that treating blacks inhumanly is acceptable. The Jefferson sheriff, Watt Kennedy, seems a decent man, yet he whips a randomly chosen black in an interrogation that was unnecessary in the first place.    2. THE SOUTHERN PAST       Two of Light in August's five major characters live in the shadow of their dead ancestors. But you could interpret their relation to these forebears in different ways. On the one hand, you could point to a pattern of decline and say that the present doesn't live up to the heroic days of yesteryear. On the other hand, you could say that the problems of the present come from a failure to shake off the burdensome grip of the past. Here is how you could argue each point of view.    a. The Heroic Past    Gail Hightower's grandfather was a robust lover of life, and his father was a helper of his fellow human beings. But Hightower fails both his wife and his congregation and spends the rest of his life cut off from other people.    Though Joanna Burden's forefathers were not originally from the South, their emigration to Jefferson makes them part of the Souths history too. And like Gail Hightower, Joanna compares badly to both her father and grandfather. They were rebellious wanderers and vigorous family men. She spends most of her time in her house, feels homesick whenever she leaves Jefferson, and never marries or has children.    b. The Burdensome Past    Gail Hightower's problems stem from his obsession with his grandfather, who was not even worth this worship. After all, he died stealing chickens. Likewise, Joanna Burden is the victim of the stern religion and patronizing racism that her father taught her and that he learned from his father before him.

Case Anaylsis Motivation

Jason Haro 10/10/2012 Management of Organizations Case Analysis: Motivation In order to have an effective performance from a group a people, effective leadership must be used along with good teamwork to have an efficient running company. After analyzing the case of Joe Chaney, it is clear that there has been a fault in leadership along with lack of motivation. In order to fix the situation with Mr. Chaney, a meeting should be established with him to discuss his performance.The first question to start out with is to make sure that Joe realizes there has been a problem with his performance at work. Chances are he will realize there is a problem, since his conversation about complaining about his job was overheard. Once it is established that there is a problem with performance, the next task is to figure out if the problem stems from inadequate subordinate ability or motivation. In the case of Joe Chaney, there is a problem with both ability and motivationThe inadequate subordinate abi lity comes from inadequate resources to do the job leading to a resource problem. Mr. Chaney was hired with mediocre recommendations from his previous employer because help was needed desperately. The firm seems to be understaffed to handle the rise in workload from the local construction boom. The absence of formal performance reviews and career counseling due to time constraints along with losing Friday social hours and making weekends mandatory is a huge demotivating factor for employees, not just Mr. Chaney.The relationship curve between level of conflict and level of performance shows that having too much conflict for extended periods of time leads to low levels of performance. More staff should be hired to ease the workload. Incentive problems are also an issue with Mr. Chaney. Mr. Chaney’s statement of â€Å"no one around here respects my opinion. I’m just a lowly draftsman†¦ because I don’t have the degree, they ignore my input, and I’m stuc k doing the grunt work† shows that there is an issue of Mr. Chaney feeling unappreciated so he has stopped caring about his work.Effective leaders should be empathetic towards his employees. Understanding that he has a wife and children shows that he has concerns for providing for his family. Between working and being a family man, he may not have an opportunity to obtain his degree to have a better title and paying wage. Restarting career counseling and performance reviews would help solve these problems. Credit should be given to Mr. Chaney as his performance, until recently, has been surprisingly well and produced high quality work.

Definition of Reliability in Research

Definition of Reliability in Research Reliability is the degree to which a measurement instrument gives the same results each time that it is used, assuming that the underlying thing being measured does not change. Key Takeaways: Reliability If a measurement instrument provides similar results each time it is used (assuming that whatever is being measured stays the same over time), it is said to have high reliability.Good measurement instruments should have both high reliability and high accuracy.Four methods sociologists can use to assess reliability are the test-retest procedure, the alternate forms procedure, the split-halves procedure, and the internal consistency procedure. An Example Imagine that you’re trying to assess the reliability of a thermometer in your home. If the temperature in a room stays the same, a reliable thermometer will always give the same reading. A thermometer that lacks reliability would change even when the temperature does not. Note, however, that the thermometer does not have to be accurate in order to be reliable. It might always register three degrees too high, for example. Its degree of reliability has to do instead with the predictability of its relationship with whatever is being tested. Methods to Assess Reliability In order to assess reliability, the thing being measured must  be measured more than once. For example, if you wanted to measure the length of a sofa to make sure it would fit through a door, you might measure it twice. If you get an identical measurement twice, you can be confident you measured reliably. There are four procedures for assessing the reliability of a test. (Here, the term test refers to a group of statements on a questionnaire, an observers quantitative or qualitative  evaluation, or a combination of the two.) The Test-Retest Procedure Here, the same test is given two or more times. For example, you might create a questionnaire with a set of ten statements to assess confidence. These ten statements are then given to a subject twice at two different times. If the respondent gives similar answers both times, you can assume the questions assessed the subjects answers reliably. One advantage of this method is that only one test needs to be developed for this procedure. However, there are a few downsides of the test-retest procedure. Events might occur between testing times that affect the respondents answers; answers might change over time simply because people change and grow over time; and the subject might adjust to the test the second time around, think more deeply about the questions, and reevaluate their answers. For instance, in the example above, some respondents might have become more confident between the first and second testing session, which would make it more difficult to interpret the results of the test-retest procedure. The Alternate Forms Procedure In the alternate forms procedure (also called parallel forms reliability), two tests are given. For example, you might create two sets of five statements measuring confidence. Subjects would be asked to take each of the five-statement questionnaires. If the person gives similar answers for both tests, you can assume you measured the concept reliably. One advantage is that cueing will be less of a factor because the two tests are different. However, its important to ensure that both alternate versions of the test are indeed measuring the same thing. The Split-Halves Procedure In this procedure, a single test is given once. A grade is assigned to each half separately and grades are compared from each half. For example, you might have one set of ten statements on a questionnaire to assess confidence. Respondents take the test and the questions are then split into two sub-tests of five items each. If the score on the first half mirrors the score on the second half, you can presume that the test measured the concept reliably. On the plus side, history, maturation, and cueing arent at play. However, scores can vary greatly depending on the way in which the test is divided into halves. The Internal Consistency Procedure Here, the same test is administered once, and the score is based upon average similarity of responses. For example, in a ten-statement questionnaire to measure confidence, each response can be seen as a one-statement sub-test. The similarity in responses to each of the ten statements is used to assess reliability. If the respondent doesnt answer all ten statements in a similar way, then one can assume that the test is not reliable. One way that researchers can assess internal consistency is by using statistical software to calculate Cronbach’s alpha. With the internal consistency procedure, history, maturation, and cueing arent a consideration. However, the number of statements in the test can affect the assessment of reliability when assessing it internally.